If the following conditions occur, consider taking the cat for a urine test:
① The cat has polyuria, oliguria, closed urine, blood in the urine, frequent urination, and sometimes has abnormal urination, such as difficulty urinating. In some cases, the cat squatted on the toilet for a long time but couldn’t pull it out and went to the toilet frequently.
② The cat’s urine smell is very pungent and strong, and the smell of ammonia is very strong, which is different from the previous one
③ The cat’s urine changes, such as hematuria, milky white urine, etc. Color
④ Cats with or suspected of urinary tract disease, kidney disease, stone, liver disease, diabetes, etc.
⑤ Physical examination items for elderly cats
⑥ Disease screening
Note: To distinguish between physiological phenomena and pathological phenomena:
Physiological polyuria: ① cold ② drinking too much water ③ cat received infusion or used Diuretics
Physiological oliguria: ① hot ② drinking too little water ③ exercising too much
Pathological polyuria and oliguria: abnormal urination caused by disease factors.
What is a urine test, and what is it?
A urine test refers to a series of physical and pathological examinations of urine to exclude diseases and diagnose diseases:
Physical examinations include urine volume, urine color, urine odor, urine transparency
Pathological examinations include routine urine and sediment examinations and other special examinations.
One 、Urine physical examination:
① Urine volume: the normal range of cat urine volume: is 16—18ml/kg/day
② Color: the normal color of cat urine is a yellow transparent liquid. Unusual colors: red, milky white, dark yellow, blue-green. 、
③ Odor: ammonia odor will appear after normal urine time, but if there is an ammonia odor or a strong abnormal odor when discharged, it is abnormal.
④ Transparency: normal urine is transparent and clear; abnormal urine: sediment in the urine, turbidity in the urine, mucus in the urine, etc.
Second, a urine routine examination
① PH value (pH): the normal urine pH of cats In 5-7, the general situation is around 6. Normal urine can be slightly acidic, neutral, or slightly alkaline.
The low urine pH may be acidosis, diabetes, gout, acid drugs, etc.
The high urine pH may be alkalosis, cystitis, alkaline drugs, etc.
Note: Diet will also affect the pH of urine
② Protein: There will also be trace amounts of protein in normal cat urine, but generally <20mg/dl; the test was negative.
Possible reasons for positive proteinuria: stress, excessive protein in food, kidney disease, calculus, urinary system disease, kidney disease, etc.
③ Glucose: normal is negative because normal Situation No or very little glucose in the urine, undetectable Glucose positive
Possible causes: Excessive intake of glucose or fructose, consumption of large amounts of carbohydrates, diabetes, pancreatitis, renal insufficiency, Hyperthyroidism, etc.
④ Carcass: Urine generally does not contain ketone bodies, so it is usually harmful.
Possible causes of positive ketone bodies: starvation, diarrhea, poisoning, vomiting during pregnancy, acidosis, diabetes, sepsis, pneumonia, etc. High protein and fat intake after childbirth can also lead to positive results.
⑤ Hematuria:
Possible reasons for hematuria: kidney disease, calculus, urinary system damage, etc.
⑥ Bilirubin: normal negative. Bilirubin is an important indicator to differentiate jaundice from liver cell damage.
So the possible cause of bilirubin positive: Hepatobiliary disease
⑦ Urobilinogen: Negative or slightly small in normal conditions because it will increase after the cat is starving and exercising.
But suppose the urine is diluted more than four times and still optimistic. In that case, it indicates that the disease points to liver disease, heart problems, internal bleeding or hemolytic disease, intractable constipation, etc.
⑧ WBC: normal negative
Possible causes of WBC: urethritis, cystitis, urethra Stones, nephritis, etc.
⑨ Urine specific gravity: the normal range for cats is 1.015-1.060.
Physiological reasons for decreased urine specific gravity: drinking a lot of water, food too salty, food low in protein, Diuresis, infusion, etc., juvenile animals, animal estrus, etc.
Pathological reasons for decreased urine specific gravity: nephropathy (kidney injury, nephritis), diabetes insipidus, etc.
Physiological reasons for increased urine specific gravity: insufficient drinking water, high temperature< /p>
Pathological factors of elevated urine specific gravity: dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea, burns, diabetes
⑩ Nitrite: harmful for normal
positive for nitrite. Possible cause: Urinary tract infection.
Note: 1+ or 2+, etc., are added after the general indicators on the urine routine analysis test sheet. There is a plus sign to indicate that the test result is positive. If it is -, it is negative.
III. Urine sediment examination
① Cells:
Red blood cells: Small average amounts of red blood cells are seen in the urine of dogs and cats. Excessive red blood cells represent hematuria
Leukocytes: Like red blood cells, there are small white blood cells in average dog and cat urine. But leukocytosis represents urinary tract infection or contamination by inflammatory processes in the vagina or penis and foreskin.
Epithelial cells: including renal and transitional epithelial cells. Excessive renal epithelial cells represent nephritis and nephropathy.
Excessive transitional epithelial cells represent urinary tract infection, mechanical friction (urolithiasis or catheterization), tumor and chemical stimulation, etc.
② Cast: A cast is a cylindrical object formed by aggregated proteins or cells in a renal tubule. There are only a few casts in normal urine.
If there are cellular casts, hyaline casts, granular casts, and waxy casts, it represents kidney disease.
③ Microorganisms: if there are bacteria in the urine collected by puncture, it indicates possible urinary tract infection
④ Crystals: magnesium ammonium phosphate, calcium oxalate, ammonium urate, etc.
